Malaria is one of the most critical diseases causing about 219 million cases worldwide in developing countries. The spread and development of resistance against chemical antimalarial drugs is one of the major problems associated with malaria control. The present study was to investigate the antimalarial efficacy of ethyl acetate extract and one fraction of

in order to support the usage of this plant by traditional healers to treat malaria.

The extracts were prepared by maceration of

leaf powder in ethyl acetate. The liquid filtrate of the extract and the best

antiplasmodial fraction using HPLC were concentrated and evaporated using a rotavapor under vacuum to dryness. The antimalarial activity of

plant products were evaluated

against

infected mice according to the Peter and Rane test. The antimalarial efficacy of the a selected crude extract (ethyl acetate extract) was evaluated at 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg, while a selected fraction from ethyl acetate extract (fraction 12) was evaluated astill need to be assessed.

This study scientifically supports the use of Bidens pilosa leaves in the traditional treatment of malaria. However, the mode of action and in vivo toxicity of the plant still need to be assessed.

In the national education plan for Bachelor of Nursing in Norway, it is emphasized that focus areas for practical studies must include experience related to paediatric nursing. However, given the paucity of children’s wards in Norwegian hospitals, few students are offered this. The purpose of this study is to explore undergraduate nursing student’s perception of using simulation as a learning method to obtain knowledge and skills in delivering quality healthcare to children and their parents in emergencies.

A total of 36 students participated in focus groups. The students were asked to reflect on their learning outcomes regarding the educational method during the simulation. In addition, the students were encouraged to discuss whether this pedagogical method was useful in preparing them to deal with critical medical situations in relation to children and their parents. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Three subjects emerged from the analysis. The first, siffered practical experience in children’s wards, the use of simulation as a didactic method may help students develop sufficient competence to act appropriately and expediently in critical paediatric nursing settings.

The study (number 52776) was approved by the Norwegian Centre for Research Data.

The study (number 52776) was approved by the Norwegian Centre for Research Data.Immunomolecular characterization of Ehrlichia chaffeensis (E. ch.) and E. canis (E. ca.) has defined protein orthologs, including tandem repeat proteins (TRPs) that have immunodominant linear antibody epitopes. In this study, we combined bioinformatic analysis and cell-free protein expression to identify undiscovered immunoreactive E. ch. and E. ca. hypothetical proteins. Antigenicity of the E. ch. and E. ca. ORFeomes (n = 1105 and n = 925, respectively) was analyzed by the sequence-based prediction model ANTIGENpro, and we identified ~250 ORFs in each respective ORFeome as highly antigenic. The hypothetical proteins (E. ch. n = 93 and E. ca. n = 98) present in the top 250 antigenic ORFs were further investigated in this study. By ELISA, 46 E. ch. and 30 E. ca. IVTT-expressed hypothetical proteins reacted with antibodies in sera from naturally E. ch.-infected patients or E. ca.-infected dogs. read more Moreover, 15 E. ch. and 16 E. ca. proteins consistently reacted with a panel of sera from patients or dogs, including many that revealed the immunoreactivity of “gold standard” TRPs. Antibody epitopes in most (>70%) of these proteins exhibited partial or complete conformation-dependence. The majority (23/31; 74%) of the major immunoreactive proteins identified were small (≤250 aa), and 20/31 (65%) were predicted to be secreted effectors. Unlike the strong linear antibody epitopes previously identified in TRP and OMP orthologs, there were contrasting differences in the E. ch. and E. ca. antigenic repertoires, epitopes and ortholog immunoreactivity. This study reveals numerous previously undefined immunodominant and subdominant antigens, and illustrates the breadth, complexity, and diversity of immunoreactive proteins/epitopes in Ehrlichia.A crisis in bacterial infections looms as ageing populations, increasing rates of bacteraemia and healthcare-associated infections converge with increasing antimicrobial resistance and a paucity of new antimicrobial classes. New initiatives are needed to develop bacterial vaccines for older adults in whom immune senescence plays a critical role. Novel vaccines require an expanded repertoire to prevent mucosal diseases such as pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections and urinary tract infections that are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the elderly, and key drivers of antimicrobial resistance. This review considers the challenges inherent to the prevention of bacterial diseases, particularly mucosal infections caused by major priority bacterial pathogens against which current vaccines are sub-optimal. It has become clear that prevention of many lung, urinary tract and skin infections requires more than circulating antibodies. Induction of Th1/Th17 cellular responses with tissue-resident memory (Trm) cells homing to mucosal tissues may be a pre-requisite for success.Burkholderia mallei (Bm) is a facultative intracellular pathogen and the etiological agent of glanders, a highly infectious zoonotic disease occurring in equines and humans. The intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, lack of specific therapy, high mortality, and history as a biothreat agent, prompt the need of a safe and effective vaccine. However, the limited knowledge of protective Bm-specific antigens has hampered the development of a vaccine. Further, the use of antigen-delivery systems that enhance antigen immunogenicity and elicit robust antigen-specific immune responses has been limited and could improve vaccines against Bm. Nanovaccines, in particular gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), have been investigated as a strategy to broaden the repertoire of vaccine-mediated immunity and as a tool to produce multivalent vaccines. To synthesize a nano-glycoconjugate vaccine, six predicted highly immunogenic antigens identified by a genome-wide bio- and immuno-informatic analysis were purified and coupled to AuNPs along with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from B.